Monday, February 11, 2013
Instructions
Hi everyone, in the 1st semester we gained experience using blogs as a review tool. In the second semester we are going to continue this practice by going a step further. Everyone needs to add ONE review question and EVERYONE NEEDS TO RESPOND TO ONE QUESTION FROM ANOTHER INDIVIDUAL IN EITHER CLASS. Thank you and I hope this is an effective review tool.
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)
What are the main differences between the structures of DNA and RNA.
ReplyDelete*?
DeleteDNA is a double stranded, deoxyribose,structure. However, RNA has a single stranded, ribose structure.
DeleteAlso, RNA uses the nucleotide Uracil instead of Thymine.
Another difference is that the RNA has a single helix structure and can fit through the nucleus, whereas the double helix of DNA is too large.
DeleteWhy is the coiling of DNA necessary for survival?
ReplyDelete-Jackson Zebovitz
Because each cell requires large amounts of DNA for survival, replication takes place frequently. This creates too much DNA to fit in the cell if it did not coil, thus, coiling must take place to allow DNA to fit inside of the cell.
DeleteDNA coils tightly in order to condense into a chromosome so that it'll be easier to copy, transport, and it takes up less space.
DeleteWhy does thymine change to uracil?
ReplyDelete-Mike Kollada
Thymine changes to uracil in order to transfer DNA inro mRNA.
Delete-Chloe Weiss
What part of the cell does the mRNA go to once it has exited the nucleus, and what is the process called that happens there?
ReplyDeleteThe mRNA exits the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm for the process called translation. In this process, the mRNA attaches to a ribosome that contains tRNA that matches free nucleotides to the mRNA nucleotides in order to create amino acids that will be used to create proteins.
DeleteWhat is the protein that "unzips" the helix of DNA and how if any, what bonds does it have to break?
ReplyDeleteHelicase "unzips" the double helix structure of the DNA, and is able to do so because it is an enzyme.
DeleteHelicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the complimentary nucleotides.
DeleteHow many hydrogen bonds does adenine form, and with which other substance does it form these bonds with?
ReplyDeleteAdenine forms two hydrogen bonds and it pairs with Thymine in DNA and Uracil in RNA. Guanine forms three hydrogen bonds and pairs with Cytosine in both DNA and RNA.
DeleteWhat is the Central Dogma of biology?
ReplyDeleteThe Central Dogma consists of steps that describe the flow of genetic information within a biological system; 1. DNA Replication 2. Transcription (becomes RNA) 3. Translation (becomes protein)
DeleteHow can insertion, deletion, or substitution in DNA segments alter a gene?
ReplyDeleteInsertion and deletion can result in abnormal amino acid sequences and substitution can result in new variations of a trait.
DeleteWhat are the four Nitrogenous Bases used in DNA and which one is replaced my uracil in RNA?
ReplyDeleteA, T, C, G. T is replaced by U in RNA.
DeleteWhat is the purpose of editing mRNA? Where and when does the editing take place? And do prokaryotes edit their mRNA?
ReplyDeleteEditing mRNA is used to get rid of any dysfunctional amino acids and make sure that the correct message is sent on to tRNA. The editing takes place in before the mRNA passes out of the nucleus of the cell. Interestingly, only eukaryotes edit their mRNA. Prokaryotes do not. :)
Delete*Hannah Firestone
DeleteWhy does T bond with A, and why does G bond with C? Is there any reason other than the number of hydrogen bonds each one has?
ReplyDelete--Hannah Firestone
T and A bond because they both form 2 hydrogen bonds. C and G bond because they both form 3 hydrogen bonds.
DeleteWhat type of substitution mutation does not change the amino acid? -Bobby Doebler
ReplyDeleteIf by chance the base codon substituted is in the wobble position and the amino acid stays the same or the AA is represented by more than one codon. For example Valine is represented by all codons of the form GU__, therefore any base can be in the wobble position and it will still make the same amino acid.
DeleteWhat does a nonsense mutation do and what mutation category does it fall under?
ReplyDeleteA nonsense mutation gives a premature stop signal and it is classified as a point mutation.
DeleteWhat are nucleotide monomers composed of/ what are their parts?
ReplyDeleteDeozyribose (pentose carb/sugar), phosphourus acid, nitrogeneous bases (can be either A,G,T, or C).
DeleteWhy does DNA need to be transfered into mRNA in order to leave the nucleus and why does the mRNA then need to be transfered into tRNA?
ReplyDeleteDNA is transferred into mRNA because while DNA is too big to fit through the pores in the nucleus and leave it, the mRNA is small enough to do so. The tRNA carries the amino acids signaled by the mRNA and helps to create proteins.
DeleteIn it's original form DNA is too large to leave or enter the nucleus. So it must go through transcription to successfully move around the nucleus, and effectivley do its job.
DeleteWhat are Chargaff's ratios?
ReplyDeleteIt is the chemical analysis of nucleic acids obtained from different species wre compared regarding the relative proportions of the four nitrogenous bases.
DeleteWhat is the role of the enzyme ligase in the process of DNA replication?
ReplyDeleteligase bonds the complementary strand to finish the process of DNA replication
DeleteWhat did Watson and Crick discover using other peopl's studies?
ReplyDeleteThey based their research on Rosalind Franklin's studies in which she used x-ray crystalography to try to discover the structure of DNA. Watson and Crick then used these x-rays to hypothesize that DNA is a double helix, and then preformed their own experiments proving their hypothesis to be correct. This was an important discovery, because it has led us to a more complete understanding of the structure of DNA.
DeleteWhy is the third position of a codon able to "wobble"?
ReplyDeleteBecause there is 4^3=64 possible combinations of the nucleotides, and there are only 20 amino acids, there are some duplicates where the coding has a different last letter but produces the same nucleotide, which is why it is able to "wobble".
DeleteWhat did Linus Pauling discover in his experiments?
ReplyDeleteLinus Pauling showed that the form of proteins in the nucleus of living organisms were often twisted into a helix.
DeleteWhat does DNA stand for and what does its actual name mean?
ReplyDeleteDNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, and it is a molecule that hold the genetic instructions for the developmnet of living things.
DeleteDNA is short for deoxyribonucleic acid. The "ribo" part of the word refers to ribose. "Oxy" refers to oxygen and its prefix "de" means without. So all together, "deoxyribo" means a ribose sugar with one less oxygen.
DeleteWhat did Wilkins and Franklin discover?
ReplyDeleteIn short, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin exposed DNA to x-ray bombardment and photographed the result, proving that DNA was in fact a double-helix.
Delete-Jeremy Kim
Can a misuse mutation occur as a result of a frame-shift mutation?
ReplyDeleteYes because a frame-shift changes the amino acid sequence, which can cause a misuse mutation
DeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteWhich type of mutation would cause the greatest change in an individual? (Frameshift vs. Point Mutation/Chromosomal vs. Gene) Why is this the case?
ReplyDeleteA frameshift has a greater effect than a point mutation because it affects multiple nucleotides while a point mutation only affects a single nucleotide.
DeleteA chromosomal mutation has a greater effect than other types of mutation because while we have around 20,000 nucleotides, we only have 46 chromosomes.
what are the stop codons?
ReplyDeleteThe stop codons are: UAA, UAG, and UGA. Any on eof these codons will stop the amino acid sequence.
DeleteWhat's the difference between a misuse mutation and a misuse frameshift mutation?
ReplyDeleteWhere does DNA replication occur? Where does DNA transcription and translation occur?
ReplyDeleteReplication and transcription take place in the nucleus and translation occurs in the cytoplasm, specifically the ribosomes.
DeleteWhere does a mutation have to take place in order for it to affect every cell in one's body?
ReplyDeleteWhat are the roles of each type of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA) in the replication, transcription, and translation of DNA? Are they all used within one step? Is one type used in each step? Where do the different types of RNA come from? How are they created?
ReplyDelete-Marisa Flignor
What kind of substitution is it when the substitution does not change the amino acid?
ReplyDeleteA silent mutation.
DeleteState the "Transorming Principle" and the significance to science it has created.
ReplyDeleteWhat is the role of anticodons in protein synthesis?
ReplyDeleteThey code for amino acids through tRNA
DeleteWhat is the difference between a point mutation and a frameshift mutation?
ReplyDelete-Sam Tyson
A point mutation changes one letter in a sequence, while frameshift changes the whole sequence by either insertion, or deletion.
DeleteA point Mutation is when only one letter is swapped for another letter. In a frameshift mutation a letter will be added or removed and each letter would slide over to fill that space.
DeleteWhat is a missence mutation?
ReplyDeleteA missence mutation is when an amino acid in the amino acid sequence is changed due to a point mutation in the DNA
DeleteWhat are possible factors that can cause a mutation?
ReplyDeleteMutations can be caused by a variety of things. For example exposure to UV radiation and harsh chemicals can mutate codons therefore changing the instructions of the DNA.
DeleteThe main source of mutation is the DNA polymerase, the enzyme involved in DNA replication.
DeleteWhy/when does mRNA editing occur?
ReplyDelete-Hannah Brockstein
mRNA editing occurs during transcription because it changes the nucleotide composition of that mRNA.
DeleteEven though we learned that frameshift is worse than point, are there cases that point is worse than frameshift?
ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteWhat are the starting amino acids and what are the ending amino acids?
ReplyDeleteWhy in RNA does thymine become uracil.
ReplyDeleteWhat is the central dogma and what enzymes are used in each step?
ReplyDelete-Alex Harris